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     <dc:title xml:lang="en">Three essays on risk disclosure</dc:title>
     <dcterms:alternative xml:lang="fr">Trois essais sur la divulgation des risques</dcterms:alternative>
     <dc:subject xml:lang="fr">Divulgation des risques</dc:subject><dc:subject xml:lang="fr">Réputation</dc:subject><dc:subject xml:lang="fr">Liquidité</dc:subject><dc:subject xml:lang="fr">Risque systématique</dc:subject><dc:subject xml:lang="fr">Risque non systématique</dc:subject><dc:subject xml:lang="fr">Le Risque total</dc:subject>
     <dc:subject xml:lang="en">Risk disclosure</dc:subject><dc:subject xml:lang="en">Reputation</dc:subject><dc:subject xml:lang="en">Liquidity</dc:subject><dc:subject xml:lang="en">Systematic risk</dc:subject><dc:subject xml:lang="en">Unsystematic risk</dc:subject><dc:subject xml:lang="en">Total risk</dc:subject>
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						<tef:elementdEntree autoriteSource="Sudoc" autoriteExterne="027851133">Liquidité (économie politique)</tef:elementdEntree>
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						<tef:elementdEntree autoriteSource="Sudoc" autoriteExterne="030877725">Divulgation d'informations</tef:elementdEntree>
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						<tef:elementdEntree autoriteSource="Sudoc" autoriteExterne="137977719">Risque financier</tef:elementdEntree>
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						<tef:elementdEntree autoriteSource="Sudoc" autoriteExterne="031723748">Communication du risque</tef:elementdEntree>
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     <dcterms:abstract xml:lang="fr">Dans cette thèse, nous avons examiné l'impact de la communication des informations de risque dans les rapports annuels sur la liquidité, la réputation, et les risques spécifiques, systématiques et totaux. Nous avons développé une nouvelle méthodologie pour mesurer la communication sur les risques en utilisant six listes de mots (les mots incertains, d’opportunité, négatifs, de forme faible, des règlements juridiques et gouvernementaux, de l'environnement et de responsabilité sociale). En outre, nous avons utilisé plusieurs modèles empiriques (effets fixes, effet aléatoire, MCO, logistique groupée, effets fixes conditionnels logistiques, effets aléatoires logistiques, et le modèle linéaire mixte). L'analyse révèle plusieurs résultats importants. Premièrement, nous avons constaté que la communication des risques conduit à une baisse de liquidité, à une meilleure réputation, à une baisse des risques spécifiques, et à une augmentation des risques systématiques. Les résultats montrent également que la communication des risques n’influence pas la réputation des entreprises à haut risque. D’ailleurs, au cours de la dernière crise financière, la communication des risques a augmenté les risques spécifiques et totaux. Finalement, la communication des risques augmente les risques totaux et les risques systématiques pour les entreprises à haut risque, tandis qu'elle diminue les risques pour les entreprises à faible risque.</dcterms:abstract>
     <dcterms:abstract xml:lang="en">This Ph.D. dissertation explores the effect of the communication of risk on several factors in the French market. To measure communication about risk, we used content analysis. We developed a new method of measurement by using several word lists to capture different types of ambiguity and risk reporting (67 environmental and social responsibility words, 889 legal and government-regulation words, 2184 negative words, 306 uncertain words, 25 opportunity words, and 32 weak words). This thesis is organized into three chapters. The first chapter is devoted to studying the effect of risk communication on firm liquidity. The results show that an intense tone of risk and uncertain information in annual reports negatively affect liquidity.  In the second chapter, we examine the effect of risk communication on companies’ reputations. We detect that risk reporting positively affects reputation. This result is robust for alternative empirical models (pooled OLS, fixed effects, and random effects) as well as for alternative measurements of reputation. In addition, we explore the risk-reporting behaviors of very high- and low-risk companies. We find that risk-disclosure behavior is sensitive to a company’s level of risk. The third chapter is dedicated to analyzing the effect of risk communication on company risks (unsystematic, systematic, and total risk). We find that risk communication is associated positively with systematic risk, and negatively with unsystematic risk. In contrast, during the financial crisis of 2008, we find a negative association between risk communication on the one hand and unsystematic and total risk on the other hand. Moreover, we observe that high-risk firms will not reduce their risks through more communication about risk.</dcterms:abstract>
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