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     <dc:title xml:lang="fr">Origine, évolution et diversification des guêpes chrysidoïdes</dc:title>
     <dcterms:alternative xml:lang="en">Origin, evolution, and diversification of the chrysidoid wasps</dcterms:alternative>
     <dc:subject xml:lang="fr">Hymenoptera</dc:subject><dc:subject xml:lang="fr">paléontologie</dc:subject><dc:subject xml:lang="fr">taxinomie</dc:subject><dc:subject xml:lang="fr">phylogénie</dc:subject><dc:subject xml:lang="fr">modèle Birth-Death</dc:subject>
     <dc:subject xml:lang="en">Hymenoptera</dc:subject><dc:subject xml:lang="en">paleontology</dc:subject><dc:subject xml:lang="en">taxonomy</dc:subject><dc:subject xml:lang="en">phylogeny</dc:subject><dc:subject xml:lang="en">Birth-Death model</dc:subject>
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						<tef:elementdEntree autoriteSource="Sudoc" autoriteExterne="027800539">Hyménoptères</tef:elementdEntree>
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						<tef:elementdEntree autoriteSource="Sudoc" autoriteExterne="02750333X">Phylogénie</tef:elementdEntree>
					</tef:vedetteRameauNomCommun><tef:vedetteRameauNomCommun>
						<tef:elementdEntree autoriteSource="Sudoc" autoriteExterne="029755956">Analyse cladistique</tef:elementdEntree>
					</tef:vedetteRameauNomCommun><tef:vedetteRameauNomCommun>
						<tef:elementdEntree autoriteSource="Sudoc" autoriteExterne="031708676">Processus de naissance et de mort (processus stochastiques)</tef:elementdEntree>
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     <dcterms:abstract xml:lang="fr">Les Chrysidoidea sont une super-famille d’Hyménoptères, comprise dans les Aculéates, dont l’origine fossile remonte au Crétacé Inférieur (~130 Ma). Regroupant dix familles, elle présente une diversité contrastée : les cosmopolites Bethylidae, Chrysididae et Dryinidae comptent plusieurs milliers d’espèces, tandis que d’autres comme les Scolebythidae et Plumariidae sont plus restreints géographiquement et en diversité. Cette thèse a pour objectifs (1) la description de nouveaux taxons fossiles, (2) la réévaluation de la phylogénie du groupe et (3) l’estimation de temps de divergence des différentes lignées. Des études taxinomiques ont permis de décrire de nouvelles espèces provenant de gisements variés (ambre miocène de Chine et du Mexique, compressions éocènes de Green River, ambre santonien de Hongrie et cénomanien du Myanmar). Une matrice de caractères morphologiques (310 caractères) et moléculaires (gènes 16S, 18S, 28S, CO1, cytb) a été codée pour 185 terminaux. Les analyses bayésiennes ont révélé quatre clades : les Plumariiformes, les Chrysidiformes, les Dryiniformes et les Bethyliformes (incluant les †Falsiformicidae). La monophylie des Chrysidoidea est retrouvée dans toutes les analyses. L’estimation de temps de divergence suggère une origine permienne à triassique de la super-famille, avec deux radiations majeures au Trias-Jurassique et au Crétacé Inférieur. Cependant, le registre fossile n’est pas suffisament complet pour comprendre des périodes clés de l’évolution des Chrysidoidea (Jurassique Supérieur, Crétacé/Paléogène).</dcterms:abstract>
     <dcterms:abstract xml:lang="en">The Chrysidoidea are a superfamily of Hymenoptera, included in the Aculeata, whose fossil origins date back to the Lower Cretaceous (~130 Ma). The group is composed ten families, of various diversities: the cosmopolitan Bethylidae, Chrysididae and Dryinidae comprise thousands of species, while others such as the Scolebythidae and Plumariidae are more restricted geographically and in terms of diversity. The aims of this thesis are (1) to describe new fossil taxa, (2) to reassess the phylogeny of the superfamily and (3) to estimate the divergence times of the lineages. Taxonomic studies allowed to describe new species from a variety of deposits (Miocene amber from China and Mexico, Eocene compressions from Green River, Santonian amber from Hungary, Cenomanian amber from Myanmar. A matrix of morphological (310 characters) and molecular (16S, 18S, 28S, CO1, cytb genes) characters was coded for 185 terminals. Bayesian phylogenetic analyses revealed four clades: the Plumariiformes, the Chrysidiformes, the Dryiniformes and the Bethyliformes (including the †Falsiformicidae). The monophyly of the Chrysidoidea is found in all analyses. The estimation of divergence times suggests a Permian to Triassic origin for the superfamily, with two major radiations during the Triassic-Jurassic and during the Lower Cretaceous. However, the fossil record is so far not complete enough to understand key periods in the evolution of the Chrysidoidea (e.g., Upper Jurassic, Cretaceous/Paleogene).</dcterms:abstract>
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       <tef:nom>Brazidec</tef:nom>
       <tef:prenom>Manuel</tef:prenom>
       
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